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    • 专利摘要:
    The present invention relates to a process for obtaining a grain biofortified with selenium in semi-arid mediterranean climates, characterized in that it comprises a) diluting small amounts of selenium, between 8 and 40 g, in 2000 l of water per ha of culture, b) apply foliarly the selenium diluted in a) on the crop, and collect the grain. Also, the present invention contemplates the grain obtained by the process of the invention, and the food products derived therefrom. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2615384A1
    申请号:ES201531713
    申请日:2015-11-25
    公开日:2017-06-06
    发明作者:María José POBLACIONES SUÁREZ-BARCENA；Sara MORALES MARINO；Óscar SANTAMARÍA BECERRIL
    申请人:Universidad de Extremadura；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    DESCRIPTION

    Procedure for obtaining biofortified grains with selenium in semi-arid Mediterranean climates and derived food products.
     5
    Field of the Invention

    The present invention is framed within the Agriculture sector for human food. In particular, it refers to a process for obtaining biofortified grains with selenium in Mediterranean semi-arid climates and to the food products obtained therefrom.

    Background of the invention

    Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for numerous organisms, including 15 animals and, of course, humans, in which its deficiency leads to numerous diseases such as heart disease, asthma, epilepsy, infertility, increased incidence of certain types of cancer , etc. Despite all this, it has been estimated that around 15% of the world's population, including the Spanish population, is deficient in Se. To alleviate these deficiencies, nutritional supplements can be ingested or added to the water, however it has been proven that the intake in its organic forms, especially as selenomethionine, favors a greater increase of Se in the blood plasma, being therefore more effective that the taking of supplements that includes Se in inorganic form.

    Wheat and other grains are important vehicles of selenium in the food chain and a direct means of providing selenium to man. It is known that the selenium content of wheat can be increased by what is known as "biofortification" by fertilizing with inorganic selenium (for example, sodium selenate) to the soil where the crop grows and / or by foliar application to the crop at certain stages of its growth The application to the soil requires greater amounts to apply than the foliar application to achieve equivalent levels in the grain. In either case, the crop plant transforms inorganic selenium into an organic form more assimilable by the organism. However, while this biofortification process may work well, it is expensive (due to the cost of the product and the transport of large quantities of the required inorganic selenium, since a large percentage of the soils are deficient in it) and may be affected due to adverse weather conditions that can reduce the effective intake of inorganic selenium.

    So far, biofortification with selenium has been applied only in regions of the North and Central Europe. Now, the authors of the present invention have developed a biofortification procedure with selenium by foliar application adapted to the Mediterranean semi-arid climate.

    The semi-arid Mediterranean climate, unlike the more temperate and humid climate of regions 10 such as Finland or the United Kingdom, is characterized by a great irregularity in precipitation, both intra- and inter-annual. It has mild and rainy winters and dry and hot summers, with autumns and variable springs, both in temperatures and rainfall. The name is received from the Mediterranean Sea, an area where this climate is typical and acquires greater geographical extension, but it is also present in other areas of the planet, such as in the United States of America (California), South America (Chile), Africa from South and South Australia. (Figure 1). The main difference with wetter climates is that the rains are not usually very abundant, and that these do not occur in summer, which causes a dry season that varies from 3 to 5 months, generating significant water stress in the plants. Temperatures are maintained, on average, 20 every month above 0 ° C but have a great seasonal variation, with cold months below 18 ° C and warmer months, which in the typical Mediterranean exceed 22 ° C.

    The authors of the present invention have shown that, surprisingly, doses of 25 selenium previously applied to crops in wetter climates in northern and central Europe are also suitable, applying them in conditions of water stress, in semi-arid Mediterranean climates, being also the accumulation of selenium in the grain much greater.
     30
    Description of the figures

    Figure 1: Distribution of Mediterranean environments in the world (colored areas).
    Figure 2: Scheme of the process of the invention in the case of semolina wheat.
    Figure 3: Total Se content in the grain (µg Se / kg) in relation to the dose of Se applied (0, 10, 20 and 40 g / ha): Sodium selenate (left) and sodium selenite (right); Years 2010/2011, white circles; Years 2011/2012 black circles.

    Object of the invention 5

    In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a process for obtaining biofortified grains with selenium in Mediterranean semi-arid environments, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
     10
    a) Dilute small amounts of selenium, between 8 and 40 g, in 2000 l of water to be applied per hectare of culture,
    b) Foliarly apply diluted selenium as described in a) on the culture, and
    c) Collect the grain.
     fifteen
    Also, a second aspect of the present invention refers to the biofortified grain with selenium obtained by the process according to the first aspect of the invention.

    Finally, a third aspect of the invention relates to food products derived from biofortified grain with selenium according to the second aspect of the invention. twenty

    Description of the invention

    Based on the needs of the state of the art, the authors of the present invention have developed a process for obtaining biofortified grain with selenium in 25 Mediterranean semi-arid climates by foliar application.
    .
    Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a process for obtaining biofortified grains with selenium in Mediterranean semi-arid environments, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:

    a) Dilute small amounts of selenium, between 8 and 40 g, in 2000 l of water to be applied per hectare of culture,
    b) Foliarly apply diluted selenium as described in a) on the culture, and
    c) Collect the grain.

    The process of the invention can be carried out using two types of Selenium, sodium selenate or sodium selenite, although sodium selenate is more recommended as it is more efficient and its recommended lower dose. 5

    Thus, in a particular embodiment, when the application of selenium referred to in step b) is in the form of sodium selenate, to reach the recommended selenium concentrations in the grain, the preferred dose is 8-10 g / ha; while when the application is in the form of sodium selenite, the preferred dose is 35-40 g / ha. 10

    In preferred embodiments, the grain is selected from cereals, preferably from semolina wheat (Triticum durum L.), flour wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var distichum), and legumes, preferably chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.). fifteen

    The authors of the present invention, after an important work of experimentation, have verified that the foliar absorption of selenium, when it is applied in conditions of low environmental humidity, is more effective than in conditions of higher humidity (typical of humid climates) . Due to this and a possible lower dilution effect, since the 20 grain yields are lower than in climates in central and northern Europe, the concentration of selenium that is reached in grain is much higher.

    In particular, the absorption of selenium is greater when applied under conditions of water stress, particularly when it has not rained 3 days before, or 3 days after its application.

    In a preferred embodiment, in the case of cereals, the recommended application time in step b) goes, according to the scale of Zadoks et al. (1974) (Zadoks, JC, Chang, TT, Konzak, CF (1974). A Decimal Code for the Growth Stages of Cereals, Weed 30 Research, 14: 415-421), since the beginning of the inlet (or state of growth EC-31), until the start of filling the grain (EC-71), preferably at the end of planing (EC-39). In the case of legumes, the moment of application is preferably carried out from the beginning of flowering (61) until the beginning of grain filling (71), according to the BBCH Coding scale. (Witzenberger, A., Hack, H., van den Boom, T. (1989). "Erläuterungen zum BBCH-Dezimal-Code für die Entwicklungsstadien des Getreides - mit Abbildungen." Gesunde Pflanzen 41: 384–388.)

    In any of the cases, the application always takes place on sunny days and in which 5 has not rained in at least the previous 3 days, so that the plant is in a poor water state and the absorption is more effective. It is also important that no rain is foreseen in the next 2-3 days so that there are no washing problems. Moreover, you can take advantage of the covert payment to avoid increasing the application costs.
     10
    When applied preferably from the end of enchanting to filling the grain in the case of cereals (wheat flour and semolina and barley) and from flowering to the beginning of the grain filling in the case of legumes (chickpea and pea), it is easy to achieve Desired environmental humidity conditions, but not in wetter climates where precipitation and environmental humidity during these stages are higher. fifteen

    Therefore, the main adaptation or change carried out in the method of the present invention consists in applying selenium in conditions of water stress of the plant (that has not rained, that will not rain in a few days, on sunny days , etc). The fact that Mediterranean conditions are characterized by a lower water regime, with numerous 20 periods of drought and water stress, especially in the conditions of sun and water stress mentioned above, causes a much greater accumulation of selenium in the grain than in other wetter areas.

    The machinery used for the application would be by means of any spray system, be they manual backpacks or sprayers coupled to the tractors. Likewise, the rest of the field management operations are those commonly used for this crop.

    In a particular embodiment, in the case of the semolina wheat grain, after step c), a milling step (d) is carried out to obtain semolina from the wheat grain collected.

    Semolina is the product obtained by grinding the grain of wheat semolina. From this semolina different derived food products can be obtained, such as pasta and couscous. The paste is obtained by extrusion of the semolina obtained after the grinding stage. The couscous is obtained by grinding the semolina grains, which are then cooked and swollen increasing their diameter to a size of a millimeter or so. The milling and processing operations of biofortified grains with Se are the same as those usually performed by this industry.

    In another main aspect of the invention, the biofortified grain with selenium obtained by steps a, b and c of the process of the invention is contemplated.
     10
    In another main aspect of the invention, any food product obtained from the biofortified grain obtained by the process of the invention is contemplated, for example, pasta and couscous, in the case of semolina wheat grain, and beer, in the case of barley.
     fifteen
    The incorporation of the fertilization with Se in the culture by means of the process of the invention, allows both the grains of the cereals and the legumes studied, as well as derived products such as semolina, couscous or the pasta obtained in its final stage, It is rich in organic Se, since more than 95% of the accumulated Selenium (about 700 ppb of Se) is in the form of seleno-methionine, the most bioavailable form for man and the one that most helps to increase the level of Se in the blood of the consumers of these products to reach the optimum levels and thus improve their state of health.

    Therefore, in the case, for example, of semolina wheat, the process of the invention allows to obtain grain with an average Se content of 880 ppb, when we apply 10 g / ha of sodium selenate, and 930 ppb, when we apply 40 g / ha of sodium selenite. From this biofortified grain, during grinding to obtain semolina, since the husks and the embryo, which contain a certain amount of Se, are removed, 27% will be lost and, subsequently, in obtaining pasta and cooking, will lose another 7% of Se. However, and what is very important, the percentage of Se-methionine will continue to be greater than 90% in all treatments.


    Biofortification tests were carried out in semolina wheat, by the method of the present invention, testing 2 types of selenium: sodium selenate and sodium selenite. The doses tested were 0-10-20-40 g of Se applied as selenate or sodium selenite. It was applied by spraying, on sunny days, at the end of the coating and diluted in 2000 liters of water / ha 5

    In relation to the increases in the concentrations of Selenium in the grain due to agronomic biofortification with Se foliar, three studies of the state of the art are then provided to make a comparison with the process of the present invention.
     10
    In the study conducted by Broadley et al. (2010) (Broadley, MR, Alcock, J., Alford, J., Cartwright, P., Foot, I., Fairweather-Tait, SJ, et al. (2010). Selenium biofortification of high-yielding winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) by liquid or granular Se fertilization, Plant and Soil, 332: 5–18). An experiment was carried out in the UK on flour wheat on soils deficient in Se, testing different doses of Se (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100 g of Se / ha), 15 applied as sodium selenate dissolved in volumes of 400 to 600 L / ha, at the beginning of the cladding (EC-31), checking, as in the present invention, that the dose of 10 g / ha was the most appropriate, finding increases between 16 and 26 times by gram of Se applied, with respect to untreated grains.
     twenty
    In the study by Hart et al (2011) (Hart, DJ, Fairweather-Tait, SJ, Broadley, MR, Dickinson, SJ, Foot, I., Knott, P. et al. (2011). Selenium concentration and speciation in biofortified flour and bread: retention of selenium during grain biofortification, processing and production of Se-enriched food. Food Chemistry, 126: 1771-1778) also in England, based on samples obtained by Broadley et al (2010), and under same 25 conditions, increases were found between 16 and 19 times per gram of Se applied as sodium selenate.

    In the study by Eurola et al. (1991) (Eurola, MH, Ekholm, PI, Ylinen, ME, Koivistoinen, PE, Varo, PT (1991). Selenium in Finnish food after beginning the use of selenate 30 supplemented fertilizers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 56 : 57–70), increases in flour wheat were quantified in Finland, where the use of fertilizers enriched with Selenium, in the form of selenate, has become widespread, so that the dose applied was 8 g of selenium / ha foliarly in Covert In this study they reported that the increase in total selenium in the grain of wheat flour from 1984 to 1988 was 25 to 30 times.

    In the method of the present invention, using semolina wheat and under Mediterranean semi-arid conditions, the increases in Se in the grain, after applying the method of the invention under the aforementioned conditions, varied between 38.1 and 137.6 times per gram. de It was applied as selenate and between 11.1 and 35.4 times applied as sodium selenite.

    Regarding the losses during the milling, these were greater than those reported by Cubadda et al. (2009) (Cubadda, F., Aureli, F., Raggi, A., Carcea, M. (2009). Effect of 10 milling, pasta making and cooking on minerals in durum wheat. Journal of Cereal Science, 49: 92 –97), of 16%, or of 13% found by Hart et al. (2011) in wheat flour, because the size of the grain obtained was smaller, and therefore, the bran / germ ratio was smaller.
     fifteen
    Regarding losses during cooking Cubadda et al. (2009) obtained similar losses (3-5%) in non-biofortified semolina wheat in Italy. However, Thavarajah et al. (2008) (Thavarajah, D., Ruszkowski, J., Vandenberg, A. (2008). High potential for selenium biofortification of lentils (Lens culinaris L.). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 56: 10747–10753), obtained losses of up to 50% of Se in lentils, with most of this Se remaining in the cooking water. In the case of semolina wheat, since the cooking is much shorter (10-12 min), there are no large losses.

    Figure 3 shows the regression line, that is, the amount of Selenium that accumulates in the grain according to the amount of selenium applied, each year. The 25 regression lines obtained followed the following equations: in 2010/2011, y = 137.6x + 8.3 for sodium selenate and y = 38.1x - 3.6 for sodium selenite; in 2011/2012, y = 35.4x + 49.6 for sodium selenate and y = 11.1x + 55.3 for sodium selenite. Which translates, for example for the first equation, that for every gram of Se applied as sodium selenate there was an increase of 137.6 μg kg-1 of total Se in the grain. All of them 30 had a level of significance greater than 99.99%.

    Figure 3 shows the relationship between the doses of selenium applied (as selenate or as selenite) and the concentrations of selenium that were obtained. From these points the data is derived from the increases in the concentration of selenium per gram of selenium applied (38.1, 137.6, 11.1 and 35.4).

    The most relevant information in this figure 3 is that there is a great difference between the two years studied, in favor of the year 2010/2011. These differences in the accumulations of selenium 5 by the grain were mainly due to the fact that the year 2010/2011 suffered from a strong water deficit from the end of January to March, in the period of enchained, which promoted a greater accumulation of selenium in the grain.

    On the other hand, Figure 3 shows how selenium, applied as sodium selenate, is much more efficient in the accumulation of the grain by the grain than sodium selenite, varying in 2010/2011 from 89 µg kg-1 to 5532 and 1540 µg kg-1 when the doses of 40 g ha-1 of selenium applied as sodium selenate and sodium selenite were applied respectively, while in 2011/2012 the ranges were from 45 to 1514 and 491 µg kg-1, respectively. fifteen
    权利要求:
    Claims (19)
    [1]

    1. Procedure for obtaining a biofortified grain with selenium in semi-arid Mediterranean climates, characterized in that it comprises the following stages:
     5
    a) Dilute small amounts of selenium, between 8 and 40 g, in 2000 l of water to be applied per hectare of culture,
    b) Foliarly apply the selenium diluted in a) on the crop, and
    c) Collect the grain.
     10
    [2]
    2. Method according to any of the preceding claims wherein selenium is used in the form of sodium selenate.

    [3]
    3. The method according to the preceding claim wherein the dose of selenium applied as sodium selenate in step b) is 8-10 g / ha. fifteen

    [4]
    4. Method according to any of claims 1-3 wherein the selenium is in the form of sodium selenite.

    [5]
    5. The method according to the preceding claim wherein the dose of selenium applied as sodium selenite in step b) of sodium selenite is 35-40 g / ha.

    [6]
    6. Method according to claim 1 wherein the application of selenium in b) is carried out on sunny days and under conditions of water stress.
     25
    [7]
    7. Method according to claim 1 wherein the grain is selected from cereals and legumes.

    [8]
    8. Method according to claim 7 wherein the grain is cereal.
     30
    [9]
    9. The method according to claim 8 wherein the cereals are selected from flour wheat, semolina wheat and barley.

    [10]
    10. The method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the application in b) is carried out from the beginning of the inlet until the grain is filled.

    [11]
    11. Method according to the preceding claim wherein the application is carried out at the end of the cladding.
     5
    [12]
    12. Method according to claim 9, wherein the grain is of semolina wheat.

    [13]
    13. A method according to claim 12 wherein, after step c) a step d) of grinding the harvested grain is carried out to obtain semolina.
     10
    [14]
    14. The method according to claim 7 wherein the grain is legumes.

    [15]
    15. Method according to claim 14 wherein the legumes are selected from chickpea and pea.
     fifteen
    [16]
    16. Method according to claims 14 or 15 wherein the application in b) is carried out from the beginning of flowering until the beginning of the grain filling.

    [17]
    17. Selen biofortified grain obtained by the process of claims 1-16. twenty

    [18]
    18. Food product obtained from the biofortified grain with selenium according to claim 17.

    [19]
    19. Food product according to claim 18 wherein more than 90% of the accumulated Se 25 is in organic form.
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